Physics of life - vocabulary

Autodynamic system(/object)
 

Definiens:

System (/object), which generates the processes that change the system itself or its components.

Examples:

• Biological evolution occurring in the Earth's ecosystem, whose elements are all living objects, their behavior makes the next generation of living objects different from their predecessors and they also behave differently. (An example of continuous iterative autodynamism).
• The man cutting off the branch on which he is sitting. (It is an example of singular autodynamism).

pursuing
flow system

Biological evolution
 

Definiens:

Biological evolution is a process that, in terrestrial conditions, called into existence living objects and continues to shape their subsequent generations. Biological evolution is a self-agitating natural process generated by the RPD, which is the construction of objects by grouping chemical molecules, then their disintegration and re-reconstruction. The other natural phenomenon influencing biological evolution involves the synthesis of proteins based on the information stored in DNA and RNA particles, which are also RPD-type particles, which are also carriers of information upon which the proteins are built from amino acids.

The RPD phenomenon was the ignition from which all life began. The RPD also called into existence the following processes:

• The first stage of gerpedelution - the natural synthesis of proteins
• The second stage of gerpedelution - selection due to a conflict of interest in the environment in which, for the multiplication of RPD-type objects, the resources required for this multiplication ceased to exist
• The third stage of gerpedelution - the reproduction with different types of defects within the RPD particles, which are the carriers of the designs (ie, particles of RNA and DNA) for synthesising the protein structures

Biological evolution is an example of an autodynamic system, consisting of objects, the interactions between them and the self-reconstructing processes agitated by the system itself. Note, the system in our case is constructed from: all living objects, their designs stored within them and the external conditions in which they operate - that is, the gravitational field in the water and air near the surface of the Earth. This system generates a process, which changes the system itself, which in turn changes the process generated by it and so on. [New definition: autodynamic system - system agitating processes which rebuilds the system].

Therefore the three stages of gerpedelution in terrestrial biological evolution were, in their initial phase, clearly separated from each other and occurred in sequence, but when feedback started to effect RPD-type objects, these steps began to overlap and intersect. From a certin point in biological evolution, we started to consider these RPD-type objects as living objects. An example of overlapping can be memetic projects, which are continually shaping living objects during its life and mitochondria, which are separately subjected to "their own biological evolution" within every cell of every living object.

• Who are we in the end? We are a part of a force which acts badly in producing goodness. Paraphrasing "Faust" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - So what then are living objects? The result of a process whereby the vast majority is killed by selection in order to create the perfect minority.

• It is not true that, from the very beginning, Polish and Ukrainian were two separate languages, and dialects were their branches. No, at first there were numerous dialects, and only from them did the process of shaping the literary languages begin. And so, if there were two Ukrainian states, it could give birth to two different languages: A-Ukrainian and B-Ukrainian. Because the state itself does not create a nation, but it can affect the language and this, in turn, will shape the state. - [Janusz Korwin-Mikke, NCzas 19/2011, str. XLIV]

Gerpedelution
Evolution

Causative factors
 

Definiens:

The generic name given to the factors of any kind, which cause a given object to meet the criteria of objectivity. These include initiators, constructors, destructors, and terminators.

• William Shakespeare was the causative factor of the object "Macbeth".

• The owner of a factory is the causative factor of the object "factory" and the process "efficient production". (A proces can also be considered as an object).

• In less general terms, causative factors could be called influencing factors.

object

Criteria of objectivity
 

The criteria by which it is stated whether an object remains the same object. They are neither objective nor universal - they are determined subjectively by the observer who defines the object. Other observers could either agree with this proposed criteria or make up their own.

Criteria of objectivity, although it is determined by the subjective observer, may have its own characteristics. The most important characteristics are:

• Linearity - criterion is the sum of sub-criteria: CoO = P₁+P₂+P₃+...

  Criterion of objectivity is more complete when more sub-criteria are fulfilled.

• Non-linearity - criterion is the (logical) conjunction of sub-criteria: CoO = P₁*P₂*P₃*...

  If even one of the sub-criteria is not fulfilled, the criteria of objectivity is not met.

• Non-linearity of layers - criterion is the recursion of sub-criteria: CoO = ...(P₃(P₂(P₁)))

  If the criterion of objectivity is to be met, all sub-criteria have to be fulfilled in a given order. [ie. genetic code]

Duality of Nature
 

Definiens:

Duality of Nature manifests itself in the cyclic grouping of particles and the subsequent separation of objects made by this grouping.

In space, particles tend to group into planets, stars, galaxies, etc. Each astronomical object is a single center of concentration of matter. Larger objects absorb smaller objects. Black holes concentrate matter in the strongest way. When certin limits of concentration are overpassed, it explodes. An example of this could be the Big Bang.

The Earth's gravitational conditions, particularly in marine areas, make grouping particles spontaneously separate once certain limits have been exceeded. A specific type of such particles are RPD-type particles, and their evolutionary successors, such as synthesizing replicators.

Duality of Nature is due to a natural tendency of chemical particles to attract or repel other particles. Therefore, every interaction between particles can only be classified as attraction or repulsion.

Heraclitus of Ephesus::
This world, which is the same for all, no one of gods or men has made. But it always was and will be: an ever-living fire, with measures of it kindling, and measures going out.

Aleksander Gudzowaty
[...] everything in the world (also in the universe), is subjected to an objective law of nature called the "law of concentration". It is a model of development due to explosions which are a natural consequence of each concentration.

Portal of knowledge
It is assumed (at present it is not completely certain) that if the density of matter in the universe exceeds a certain critical size, the end of it will lead to a great collapse - the collapse of all matter into a black hole. After this, possibly followed by the next Big Bang.

Another definiendum of duality of nature is the law of concentration.

Evolution
 

Definiens:

In fact, the definition of evolution is not clear and, what is more, ambiguous in two dimensions: it is used to name the process that created and continues to shape life on Earth (see definition no. 1) and to name the so-called life cycle (see definition no. 2).

To explain why it is not clear: Charles Darwin used the term "evolution" to name the process responsible for the development of life on Earth. This incomplete description of its mechanisms, which, at that time, was seen and understood by Wallace and Darwin, and so brilliantly described by the latter, is long-established in the scientific world as the only competent and detailed explanation of the whole issue. The English-speaking world, unfortunately, ignored the information coming from Russia (Kropotkin, Mierieżkowski) and, because of this, there has not been a universally accepted, comprehensive, description of the process that created and continues to shape life on Earth over the next 150 years.

One of the attempts to do so was the replacement of "evolution" (in the above sense) by the concept of "natural selection", but this also proved not to be quite true.

Therefore, one of the fundamental tasks of the physics of life is the development of a complete and logical description of the process which brought life into existence and continues to shape the successive generations of living objects. The term of gerpedelution was proposed in order to give a basic model of this process. The process itself is called biological evolution. The word "evolution" should be understood, as the ancient Romans proposed, as "development" and nothing more.

1. Evolution any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins.[1] - [Wikipedia, eng., dated 20120208]
   Here, evolution is defined not as a process but as a change.
   
   
2. Stellar evolution the process by which a star undergoes a sequence of radical changes during its lifetime. - [Wikipedia, eng., dated 20120208]
   Here, evolution touches only one object throughout its existence
   
   

Gerpedelution
Biological evolution

Flow system/object
 

Definiens:

A system or object whose structure is a temporary state created by flowing streams of energy, material or information.

Full definition of a flow system

• The scientific term for this system is open system
• Examples of flow systems: a flame, a vortex, a bank account, a company and the most complex one a living object.

Gerpedelution
 

Definiens:

A cyclic process consisting of three consecutive and repeated stages:

1. Production of a set of objects based on a set of designs
2. Selection from the produced objects; those that fulfill certain criteria (the so-called selection criterion) are selected
3. Copying, (sometimes/always) with (slight/important) changes, the designs of the objects which have come through the previous stage. The resulting set of designs are directed to the next production stage.

Hoyle's Paradox
 

Description:

Physics of life can not help but comment on the often-cited speculation regarding the probability of the emergence of life, such as, for example, described by F. Hoyle (1915-2001) and NC Wickramasinghe'a (1939-) in Evolution from space: Proteins, necessary for life, are built of very complex molecules. What is the probability of an accidental creation of even quite simple protein molecules in the primordial soup? Evolutionists acknowledge that this probability is 1 in 10 to the power of 113 (1 in 10¹¹³). Meanwhile, mathematicians state that the event, which the probability of occurrence is lower than 1 in 10⁵⁰ WILL NEVER HAPPEN. One can be convinced about the unprobability of such an event knowing that the number 10¹¹³ is greater than the estimated number of all atoms in the universe. Some proteins serve as building blocks and the others for the enzymes. The latter speeds up chemical reactions in the cell, without which it would die. To operate this process, it needs not a few, but up to 2000 different protein enzymes. What is the probability of the accidental origin of such proteins? It is one in 10^40 000! "It is such an extremely small probability," says Hoyle, "that such an event would have been unthinkable even if the whole universe consisted of the primordial soup." Then he adds: "Even though one's belief or education, without prejudice, allowed him to accede to the notion that life arose on Earth [spontaneously], this simple calculation totally negates the concept."

It doesn't negate anything! Indeed, the calculated likelihood of such a protein is extremely small, but the assumption that each particle combination is equally likely is wrong. That is the first thing. Second, the process of evolutionary improvement is not a linear process, it has its accelerator characteristics (like the exponential or logarithmic), which in our terrestrial, sufficiently stable, conditions quickly (ie, "only" a few billion years) brought into existence, and still shapes, not only proteins but also plants, animals and humans. The process of evolutionary improvement acts on all living objects and is not subject to discussion. However, that life arose on Earth or was accidentally brought here by a cellestial collision is not important for us. To reiterate: the mechanism of life seeks for an opportunity for an improvement for a long time, the solution is found by chance and quickly perfected. As we will show, life from outer space is much less probable than its emergence here on Earth and on any other, Earth-like, heavenly body.

To embarrass the quoted professors from the University of Cardiff, who have stated that the likelihood of the emergence of life on Earth is "a totally negated concept", let us respond to their simple calculation with an equally simple calculation of our own. Let us calculate the number of bacterium there would be in four and a half billion years, assuming that they reproduce once a day. [Replication of the elements within the cell runs a lot faster: DNA replication proceeds at a speed of one thousand nucleotides per second! Therefore, assuming that the rate of replication is, for example, one second, from one single replicator, after two days there would be 10⁵²⁰¹⁶ copies. It seems that the cited professors did not consider this phenomenon in their calculations. However the fastest cellular organisms reproduce approximately every 20-25 minutes in favorable conditions.] So, the first day there are two, the next - four, the third eight, and so on. The general formula is known even by schoolchildren: where n equals the number of days, their number should amount to 2ⁿ. So how many of them should there be, lets say after 1 642 500 000 000 days (equivalent to 4.5 billion years times 365 days)? The answer should amaze and give food for thought: 10^{500 000 000 000}! It makes the "extremely small probability" (10^40 000 to remind you) shown by the quoted professors pale into insignificance. Our simple calculation shows that with such a rate of reproduction (remember - one division per day, and the bacteria under favorable conditions - when all the necessary resources are available - can multiply up to seventy times faster) nature has 10^{500 000 000 000} trials to build "a totally random" chain of particles, such us human DNA. So, gentlemen professors, you calculated your probability wrong! We came to our results assuming total randomness of the event, but biological evolution has a powerful booster in the form of natural selection! To realize the speed of this process we need to do another calculation.

The average weight of a single bacteria is estimated to be about 1*10^-12 of a gram, and the mass of the Earth is 6*10²⁷ grams. A simple calculation shows that only 133 divisions are required, from one bacteria, to found a colony in excess of the mass of the Earth! Obviously this is not possible because the Earth does not have as many free resources as required. Let's imagine that we have a great tissue culture with the volume of Lake Baikal - the lake with the most volume in the world. In this arena, only 100 divisions are required to force bacterium to "struggle for existence". It could happen in less than two days.

Law of concentration
 

Definiens:

All matter in the Universe tends to concentrate, each astronomical object is a centre of concentration. Larger objects absorb smaller ones. The most concentrated matter is called a black hole. When concentrated matter reaches its certain critical value an explosion occurs, for example, The Big Bang.

Another definiendum of this law is called Duality of nature.

Life purpose
 

Definiens:

Original: Absorbs until division;
Secondary^*: Survive and multiply

Remarks:

• ^* - "Secondary" means "original transformed by biological evolution"

Living object
 

Definiens:

is a flow system (object) of a set of synthesizing replicators interacting with each other belonging to a chain of information succession. The current form of living objects is formed by the process of biological evolution, which is spontaneously initiated in any space where there is a Duality of Nature.

There are several organizational levels of living objects.

• John von Neumann: a machine containing sufficient information is able to build efficient copies of itself from the elements available in its environment

  In the language of physics of life, it would sound a bit different: >the object spontaneously building efficient copies of itself from the elements available in its environment, on the basis of the information contained therein.

Natural tendency
 

is a characteristic behavior of the system, which tends to be in one of its possible attractors

Associated concepts:

System

Object
 

Definiens:

a material or abstract separate element, having:

• identity,
• a set of properties which, at a given time, have their current value. Changes in this value, over time, we call behaviour.
• interaction interface - virtually any value or behaviour of a given property can affect the value(s) and/or behaviour(s) of another object(s), so, interaction interface can be identified as the set of properties of this object.

The concept of an object is closely related to:

• criteria of objectivity.
• causative factors.

System

Organizational levels of living objects
 

Definiens:
If we agree that a living object is a set of interacting, replicating elements, then we can distinguish several organizational levels of living objects, depending on the elements of which it is composed.

• Level 0 – RPD particles, such as liposomes, RNA and DNA.
  The RPD phenomenon is a sequence of the repeated falling apart and reconstruction of objects. Objects are rebuilt because their components strive to form groups. They fall apart as a result of exceeding a given critical value of cohesion in the expanding object;
• Level 1 – synthesizing replicators, which are particles or groups of particles which not only rebuild themselves after division, but also create side products – on the basis of a natural design, which they themselves are;
• Level 2 – prokaryotic cells, bacteria and mitochondria;
• Level 3 – eukaryotic cells;
• Level 4 – multicellular WSS-type objects (object subjected to selection as a whole), such as human beings or ants;
• Level 5 – social WSS-type objects, such as ant colonies.

• Insect communities are not a single entity, and this may raise doubts that the community can be considered as a living object. This observation is right, but from the perspective of systems theory, a community of insects can be considered as an entity, because "entity" does not depend on how its elements are linked, but how they are interacting (coupling occurs between them)!
  
  
• Note: The n-level objects are not exclusively made from the elements of n-1 level (suggested name: hierarchical cascade), but some elements can be from lower levels, for example n-2 and n-3 (suggested name: hierarchical nested cascade)

Physics of life
 

Definiens:

The science that studies the nature and characteristics of living objects (objects that absorb resources and replicate themselves) and the systems they create.

The main elements making up the paradigm of the physics of life are:

1. Duality of Nature, alternatively named as the law of concentration, which is the first principle of the physics of life.

2. RPD phenomena which is the manifestation of the law of concentration in terrestrial conditions.

3. Self-agitated process of biological evolution generated by the RPD phenomenon. The basis of biological evolution is gerpedelution. The process of biological evolution is the second principle of the physics of life.

4. The first characteristic of biological evolution, which is the aggregation of cooperation and the escalation of conflict in the process of acquiring resources by RPD-type objects (which is the fourth principle of the physics of life). This process leads to the gradual transformation of RPD-type objects into synthesizing replicators, which are the living objects of the first organizational level.

5. The second characteristic of biological evolution, which is the emergence, due to replications errors, of better structural and behavioral tactics in subsequent generations of resource absorbing and self-replicating objects. This characteristic has led to the perfection in the tactics of absorbing resources. These tactics can be generalised as pursuing. Pursuing is the third principle of the physics of life.

6. The absorption of resources creates a conflict of interests between all types of living objects and leads to the conclusion that life is a game (in the terms of the mathematical game theory) for resources.

7. Von Neumann tactic and related tactics. John von Neumann - founder of the mathematical game theory, explored issues relating to conflict of interest - has proved that the best tactic is to deceive an opponent in such a way that the he is convinced that a bluff has not been used. This type of tactic, in the physics of life, is called von Neumann's tactics.
   The conclusion is that violence and lies are common (not extraordinary) in our environment. The physics of life recognises a variety of different violences: physical, mental, economic, subjugation... and variety of different lies as, for example, Von Neumann tactic.

8. The issue of perfecting von Neumann's tactic and other kinds of lies by humans, who, as the supreme living objects (of the fourth organizational level), drive von Neumann's tactic and other lies to the highest level.

9. The issue of the consequences of using von Neumann's tactic by humans. One such consequence is that we consider a lie to be reality.

Key terms:

• object - replacing and expanding the philosophical concept of being. Related concepts, such as object properties and their state, criteria of objectivity answering the question whether the object remains as the object and causative factors, which include initiators, constructors, destructors, and terminators of object.

• resergy the essential resources essential for a living object to reach its life purpose with the concept of resergy conversion.

• feedback with particular emphasis on the 6 basic types of feedback, proposed by Marian Mazur.

  ***

• system with particular emphasis on the 6 basic types of natural tendency of a system.

• living object - an object which absorbs resources until its division (or replication), and the tactics used to absorb resources - two basic types: tactics of structure and tactics of behaviour.

• three basic types of resergy: matter, energy and information.

• three basic resergetic elements: source (producer), annihilator (consumer) and converter (transforming element).

• pursuing.

Methods:

• mathematical game theory
• system analysis with flow diagrams of resergy
• sensitivity analysis (disturbance calculus)
• balance of resergy - cui bono? (who profits?)

To provide better models explaining and predicting phenomena and processes associated with life.

• The first issue discussed in detail in the physics of life was the comprehensive model of the emergence (from the essential chemical particles) and development of life on Earth.
• The main factor in the development of the physics of life was absolute thinking.
• Physics of life serves to create complete cognitive models associated with each area of life and proves that, because of the existence of the barrier in processing of information, it will never be possible to create a predictive model that is one hundred percent certain.

Principles of physics of life
 

Definiens:

1. The interactions within a set of different particles can be described as a distribution of extremely strong attraction and extremely strong repulsion

2. The dynamics of changes of tactics of building and tactics of behavior in subsequent generations of living objects is due to biological evolution, which bases itself on the gerpedelution process.

3. Wszelkie oddziaływania pomiędzy obiektami żywymi, w swej najbardziej ogólnej postaci, są oddziaływaniami o charakterze nadążnym.

4. Wszelkie interakcje pomiędzy obiektami żywymi i składającymi się na nie elementami sprowadzają się do doskonalenia konfliktu interesu lub agregacji współpracy.

Pursuing
 

Definiens:

The set of phenomena associated with the process of achieving a goal. From the viewpoint of mathematical game theory this is a branch of a decision tree. The branch which, up to this point, was taken and will continue to be undertaken from now on.

Pursuing is the third law of the physics of life

RPD
 

Definiens:

The phenomenon of the destruction and reconstruction of objects. This reconstruction is due to the natural tendency of particles to group, whilst the destruction is the result of reaching a certain, critical point of the cohesiveness of the (re)constructing object.

Examples of RPD-type particles are:

• Liposomes (spherical membrane structure) constructed from free phospholipids
• DNA (linear biopolymer) built from deoxyribonucleotides
• RNA built from ribonucleotides

• The abbreviation "RPD" was created by combining the first letters of the Latin phrase reconstructo post dividere, which means rebuilding the division.

• Many philosophers look for a basic factor which can explain our chaotic world. It seems that this factor is the RPD phenomenon, which instigated the process of biological evolution. Ergo, RPD generated biological evolution, which created and still shapes different forms of living objects. Life is, in fact, derived from the phenomenon of RPD.

• Accurate reconstruction of RNA is possible, but in this process, there are a lot more errors than during the reconstruction of DNA.

• It is worth noting that the RPD-type particles behave as if they implement the strategy: "absorb resources until division". Of course, it is not a strategy "invented" by them, but simply the physics of the phenomenon.

Synthesizing replicator

Small evolution
 

Definiens:

A classic evolutionary game for the Physics of Life - a model of a society consisting of independent objects, absorbing the available resources.

The game is imposed on a population composed of a number of players (n). For a period of time all, the players are randomly matched in pairs and play with each other in a contest called a single-game meeting. Depending on the strategies used, each player gains or loses points. After each single-game meeting, each player adjusts his account, wins and losses, and prepares for the next meeting after the pairs are redrawn. The most important factors of this game are the rules of selection and duplication. Ocasionnaly, sometimes after three round, sometimes after a milion (nobody knows when), the selection occurs. When it happens, only the top 50% are selected fo the subsequent games. The bottom half is rejected and no longer take part in the game - you can say that they will be annihilated. Those who pass the selection are cloned and gameplay restarts from the beginning. As you might notice, after this operation, the population remains at the same level of output.

A good example of the classical game theory uses two types of players (workers and thieves) and payoff matrix as shown below:

When we run this game, we will notice that, at some point, the number of thieves and workers witin the population eventually stabilises.

The analysis of this model with the payoff matrix "As in life," leads to the conclusion that communities fall into the so-called Tytler cycle

Small group evolution
 

Definiens:

A classic evolutionary game for the Physics of Life - a model of a society consisting of objecst cooperating to form independent systems able to absorb the available resources.

The game is played exactly like the small evolution, but every single player is considered as a team of n players closely cooperating with each other, and selection involves the whole team.

Each player in this game is a team, consisting of indiviadual elements working together to benefit the whole. Such a team is called the g(roup)-player and in small group evolution is considered to be a Wholly Selected System - WSS. When duplication occurs, the whole team is replicated.

An analysis of this game shows that each element of the team is compelled into perfect cooperation.

Strategy
 

Definiens:

This set of algorithms, plans, calculation methods, decision-making methods, manufacturing methods, optimization of criteria, resources, structures, configurations, principles and rules are used to develop further actions to achieve the goal. Strategy is more than just an algorithm. Strategy helps to plan an action even when the situation is unique and/or unforseen. The strategy also accepts random decisions.

Tactic
Pursuing

Synthesizing replicator
 

Definiens:

A system build from RPD-type objects which not only absorbs resources and divides, but also (as it were, "on the side") builds chemical particles (in terrestrial conditions - proteins) from the available elements (in terrestrial conditions - aminoacids). Theses particles are built using a design which are stored in the RPD-type objects, consisting of synthesizing replicators.

• One such system is the biological cell:
  the design is DNA (RPD-type object),
  protein building machinery - ribosomes,
  and both DNA and ribosomes are packed within the cell membrane (which is also a RPD-type object).

Life
Biological evolution
RPD-type object

System
 

Definiens:

is a set of interacting objects forming an integrated whole

Pursuing
Object

Tactic
 

Definiens:

A chacteristic element of a strategy

Tactics of structure
 

Definiens:

Tactics expressed in location of elements, something fixed, sustainable and with potential. An example of tactic of structure is our own anatomy.

Sometimes, to achieve a goal, we do not need to move or relocate - it is enough to have a suitable body structure (location of elements) and/or proper positioning (being in the right place).

Tactics of behaviour
 

Definiens:

Tactics expressed through action taken by the object, ie.: behavior

Taktyka von Krezussa
 

Definiens:

Oszukiwanie w taki sposób, by wzbudzić w przeciwniku przekonanie, że jego sprzymierzeniec jest jego wrogiem.

Nazwa tej taktyki pochodzi od zajadłego zwalczania prywatnych przedsiębiorców przez komunistyczne środki masowego przekazu. Wmawiały one, że producenci dóbr są wrogami społeczeństwa dlatego, że przez produkcję się bogacą. Według propagandystów producenci państwowi byli w tym względzie o wiele bardziej społecznie przydatni: choć bowiem produkowali drogo i to czego nikt nie chciał kupić, ale za to nie bogacili się.

Skarby, gromadzone przez Krezusa w Sardes z kopalń złota i wymuszonych danin (m.in. od miast greckich Azji Mniejszej), stały się przysłowiowe. Jego imię jest obecnie synonimem bogacza.

Taktyka von Neumanna
 

Definiens:

Oszukiwanie w taki sposób, by wzbudzić w przeciwniku przekonanie, że oszukiwanym nie jest.

Dwutorowe działanie mające na celu wygranie z przeciwnikiem (osiągnięcie korzyści jego kosztem) przez a/. bluff (oszustwo) oraz b/. przeszkodzenie mu obronie przed naszą wygraną przez wzbudzenie w nim pewności, że my sami nie bluffujemy

Cytaty z literatury związane z hasłem "Taktyka von Neumanna"

Taktyka von Socialla
 

Definiens:

Oszukiwanie w taki sposób, by wzbudzić w przeciwniku przekonanie, że robimy wszystko, żeby to on wygrał.

Cytaty z literatury związane z hasłem "Taktyka von Socialla"

Tytler's cycle
 

Definiens:

A natural cycle characterized by the interaction between the elements that constitute social systems PSS - type. It consists of the following stages:

1. The cycle is named after the Scottish philosopher Alexander Tytler'a (1774-1813), who is credited with the following statement:
   The average age of the world's greatest civilizations from the beginning of history has been about 200 years. During those 200 years, these nations always progressed through the following sequence:

   • From bondage to spiritual faith;
   • From spiritual faith to great courage;
   • From courage to liberty;
   • From liberty to abundance;
   • From abundance to selfishness;
   • From selfishness to complacency;
   • From complacency to apathy;
   • From apathy to dependence;
   • From dependence back into bondage.

2. Even Machiavelli (1469-1527) noted that the public makes decisions rationally only in moments of extreme danger, in times of normallity it selects those that interfere the least and are able to please the population.

3. A clear description of one of the many representations of this cycle, written by Marek Jan Chodakiewicz:
   Marxism is the quest for absolute control over both: the totalitarian party in power (or in pursuit of power) and the society that has been already conquered (or in the process of being controlled). After the victory over the oppressed society, the party exploits them for the benefit of the parasitic elite. However, the foundation of Marxism-Leninism is strongly opposed to natural order, so real socialism/communism, put into practice, slowly begins to kill the social organism on which it feeds. Periodically, therefore, it ceases to suck out the juice, this is a period of so-called "liberalization", which is temporary and slows the process leading to real communism. Then people try to return to normal (eg, economic, trying to restore the principles of free market). This is the time needed to strengthen the social organism to be able to go to the next stage - continuing the march to socialism.[NCZ 1048, str. XXXV]

4. Quotations (in Polish) associated with "Tytler's cycle".